MAYO 2026
Lesión renal aguda en pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva: epidemiología, fisiopatología e implicancias clínicas.
Dr. Nicolás Nin*
Dr. Jordán Tenzi**
*Médico Intensivista
Ex Asistente Grado 2 de la Cátedra de Medicina Intensiva Hospital de Clínicas, UDELAR, Uruguay
**Médico Coordinador de la Unidad de Medicina Intensiva Hospital Español ASSE, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Correo: [email protected]
Introducción
Epidemiología de la IRA en el contexto de la VM invasiva
Conversación cruzada (“crosstalk”) entre órganos y soportes pulmonar y renal. Evidencia clínica y experimental.
Conversación cruzada (“crosstalk”) entre órganos y soportes pulmonar y renal. Fisiopatología.
La figura 1 resume la fisiopatología de la interacción bidireccional pulmonar/VM-renal.
Consideraciones para prevenir y/o tratar el desarrollo de IRA vinculado al empleo de VM invasiva.
La Tabla 1 resume las recomendaciones para la prevención y/o tratamiento de la IRA asociada a la VM.
| Recomendaciones |
|---|
| Considerar de riesgo aumentado para el desarrollo de IRA, a los pacientes que reciben VM invasiva, presenten o no SDRA. |
| Monitorización regular con creatininemia y gasto urinario para la detección precoz de IRA en pacientes con VM invasiva con o sin SDRA. |
| Emplear y monitorizar estrategias de VPP mediante la adecuación y control de VC y presiones en vía aérea, en pacientes con VM invasiva, para disminuir el riesgo de desarrollo o agravación de una IRA. |
| El bloqueo neuromuscular y la ventilación en DP pueden ser utilizados para optimizar la VM y la VPP y no se asocian con un riesgo significativo de desarrollo o agravación de IRA. |
| En pacientes con VM invasiva, se recomienda la monitorización y el tratamiento de la hipotensión arterial, la congestión venosa, la ICD y la HIA, dado que se asocian con un riesgo aumentado de IRA. |
| En pacientes con VM invasiva, se sugiere el manejo conservador de fluidos, con restricción de aporte de los mismos si no hay contraindicaciones, dado que se asocia con un menor riesgo de desarrollo de IRA. |
| En pacientes con VM invasiva se sugiere evitar la acumulación de fluidos, la exposición a nefrotóxicos y al iNO, dado que se asocian con un riesgo aumentado de desarrollo o agravación de IRA. |
| Emplear TRR para IRA de acuerdo a indicaciones convencionales, dado que la misma permite un mejor manejo de fluidos y la AM, optimizando la VM invasiva. |
Tabla 1 – Medidas a implementar para prevenir o minimizar la IRA vinculada a la VM invasiva-SDRA. IRA: injuria renal aguda, VM: ventilación mecánica, SDRA: síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo, VPP: ventilación pulmonar protectiva, VC: volumen corriente, DP: decúbito prono, ICD: insuficiencia cardíaca derecha, HIA: hipertensión intraabdominal, iNO: óxido nítrico inhalado, TRR: terapia de reemplazo renal, AM: acidosis metabólica.
Autores Dr. Nicolás Nin* Dr. Jordán Tenzi**
Visual Mario Méndez Cita: slanh.net/redira
CONCLUSIONES
- La IRA debe considerarse no solo un marcador de gravedad, sino una condición potencialmente modificable.
- La IRA en pacientes ventilados es frecuente y de alto impacto clínico. La VM invasiva puede contribuir a su desarrollo mediante mecanismos hemodinámicos, neurohormonales e inflamatorios.
- La combinación de una ventilación protectiva con un manejo conservador de fluidos, ofrece beneficios sinérgicos sobre la mecánica pulmonar y la función renal.
- Mediante la optimización de la presión de perfusión renal (mantener PAM, minimizar y revertir la congestión venosa), se puede tratar los factores hemodinámicos y neuroendócrinos generadores de IRA en el contexto del empleo de VM invasiva.
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ARTÍCULOS MAYO 2026
Autoevaluación
Comité de Injuria Renal Aguda: Rolando Claure-Del Granado, Jonathan Chavez-Iñiguez, Alejandro Ferreiro, Daniela Ponce.
Consejo Editor: Dres. Raúl Lombardi, Jonathan Chávez-Iñiguez, Pablo Galindo, Ana Guerisoli, Lilia Rizo-Topete, Federico Yandian.
Secretaria: Viviana Falcone